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Last modified: Fri Dec 10 23:54:16 1999
Copyright © 1999 Janet Norbrothen. All rights reserved.
(The following is an essay which I had written in the spring of 1996 when I was attending a folkehøgskole (folk high school) in Norway. My chief area of study was called Bible and Backpack. Two books in the bibliography have Norwegian as their original language, but all other books mentioned are English. Quotes from the Bible are from the King James Version.)
One can say that the faith movement has its roots in the healing revival which went through America after World War II, and that it is a child of the charismatic revival of the sixties. But it wasn't until the seventies that the faith movement (hereafter shall the designation FM be used) experienced a growth spurt. Then in the early eighties the FM came to Sweden and then to Norway. 1)
Without a doubt, Kenneth Hagin is the foremost preacher of the FM, and his influence should not be underestimated. He has published a series of books and minibooks, he has a monthly magazine, and he has a Bible school, Rhema Bible Training Center, which is in the outskirts of Tulsa, Oklahoma in USA. His son, Kenneth Hagin Jr., is following in his father's footsteps and has himself written books and minibooks. In addition, both men have numerous cassettes with sermons, and most of these sermons are broadcast on radio and shortwave. In Sweden and Norway, Ulf Ekman and Åge Åleskjær are the chief figures in the FM. Both attended Hagin's Bible school 2) and so it comes as no surprise that that which these two men preach is entirely consistent with what Hagin himself preaches and teaches. Therefore the majority of the material examined here is Hagin's.
What actually are the teachings of the FM? Are they 'pure and simple Bible truths,' as we are told? When one reads the books and listens to the tapes, one discovers that a slew of Bible verses are quoted. But is it sufficient that a preacher is diligent to quote the Bible, and one can therefore insure that the teaching is biblical? Let's take a closer look at the teachings of the FM and investigate them in the light of the Bible. And finally let's examine the fruits of the FM. Jesus exhorts us: "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles? Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit; but a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit. A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye shall know them." (Matt 7,15-20) Since false prophets normally don't have a sign around their necks which say "I am a false prophet," it is important for us to conduct ourselves like the Jews in Berea did: "...they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so." (Acts 17,11) Time after time we read in the New Testament exhortations to guard ourselves against false teachers (Acts 20,29; 1. Tim 1,3-7; 4,1-5; 6,3-10; 2. Tim 2,14-19; Tit 1,10-16; 2. Pet 2; 1. John 4,1-3; 2. John 7-11; Jud 3-16) and so it pays to examine thoroughly new teachings, even though it is maintained that they are completely biblical.
This is without a doubt the principal concept in the FM. Everything flows from it, and all stands or falls with it. The word 'trichotomy' comes from a Greek word which means "divided into three distinct parts." 1. Thess 5,23 is referred to as proof that man is a trichotomy: "And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ." It is alleged from Heb 4,12 that spirit, soul and body are three distinct parts of man: "For the word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any twoedged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart." So we have the following definitions:
All this can be remembered with the help of the slogan:
"Think of yourself as a spirit being who possesses a soul and lives in a body." 4)
"Beloved children have many names," and as the most important part of man the spirit is also known as the heart, the inward man or the real me. 5) There are several reasons as to why the spirit is the most important part. First of all, the spiritual or unseen world is a reality that is more real than the physical or seen world. 6) This unseen world is source to the seen world 7) and changes in the first precipitate changes in the second. For the individual this means that the spirit of man influences his body. 8) (The significance of this last point will be made clear when we take a closer look at the implications of trichotomy regarding faith and healing.)
Secondly, we see that the spirit is that part of man which is literally born again in the new birth, John 3,7. 9) At that point the spirit of man receives eternal life, which is defined as exactly the same kind of life which God Himself has. Before the new birth, man was spiritually dead--his old nature was the same as Satan's and he was a child of the devil, John 8,44, Rom 5,12ff. 10) According to 2 Cor 5,17 and 2 Pet 1,4, the inner man is become brand new with the nature of God in his spirit instead of a devilish nature. Since the old self (i.e. the old, sinful nature, which is not the same as the flesh) is gone and the inner man is completely new 11), this means that the born-again human spirit is perfect and "we won't have trouble with the real man." 12)
The human spirit is also important because it is that part of man where the Holy Spirit lives--He lives in neither the soul nor the body. 13) God is Spirit, John 4,24, and therefore the spirit is the only part of man which has ability to communicate with God. The Holy Spirit speaks to the human spirit, which in turn sends the information to the mind. The voice of the human spirit is also known as "the inner voice," "the inner witness," guidance, conscience or intuition. The Christian ought to train himself to obey this voice, because it will never lead him astray. The information it receives comes from the Holy Spirit, and the perfection of the human spirit means among other things that it is not in strife with either God or His will. Therefore the inner voice is a completely reliable resource which is used of God to lead His children, Rom 8,14. 14)
The soul is the second part of man. As said previously, it consists of reason, feelings and will. Since God is Spirit, the soul has no possibility to communicate with God, and therefore must use the spirit as a middleman in order to send and receive information from God. 15) The soul or the mind is still the same after the new birth, and so it is not a reliable resource like the spirit. According to Rom 12,2 the mind must be renewed by God's word, which sinks down from the mind into the spirit. 16) Alone, the soul hasn't the ability either to understand or believe the Word. Faith is something which occurs in the heart (Rom 10,9) but in the mind arises only doubt. Man's understanding simply cannot grasp the Word and it does not allow one to act in faith, i.e. act upon the Bible. 17) Therefore it is important to renew the mind with the Word and let the inner man become the dominating part by obeying the inner voice. In a way, the soul is worth less than the spirit, because this side of heaven it is always of lesser qualitiy, so to speak.
The body is the third and last part of man. It is not saved by God, and according to Rom 12, 1, "It is up to us. If we don't do anything with our bodies, nothing will be done with them." 18) God will do nothing with the body. The Christian therefore has responsibility to let the spirit be dominant over the body. 19) The body is a kind of earth suit which allows the real man to wander on this globe, because "Man, at physical death, leaves his body. Yet he is no less man than he was when he had his body." 20) (writer's own emphasis)
As mentioned earlier, the teaching on trichomoty implies that there exists two types of worlds: the physical/visible and the spiritual/invisible. Because man is a spirit which lives in a body, he has a foot in both worlds. But "the spirit world is far more real than this natural world," 21) and so this means that when the Christian must choose between two realities in which to believe--two realities which often seem to be at odds with one another--he ought to put his confidence in the spiritual reality, just like every mature Christian does.
That is to say that for the Christian, "acting in faith" is a conscious choice, despite outward circumstances and the like. "Faith says: 'The Word of God says it, I believe it, and I have it now,' even though it may not be seen in the natural. Faith says: 'I have it now--not because I can see it, not because I actually possess it, but because God promised it.'" 22) To say anything else is a negative confession and a sign of doubt, and then it is nearly impossible for God to intervene in the situation, Heb 11,6. One has to keep on saying "I have enough money," "I have a job" etc.--even though one is in financial difficulties and unemployed--because the former are spiritual realities, and by confessing it positively in faith, they become a reality in the natural.
The same applies to healing. One acts in faith upon God's Word and the promises of God, because they say that one is healed--it has happened and it is in the past--and God's Word is a greater reality than the reality one feels in one's own body. Therefore the spiritual Christian says: "No, I'm not sick. These are just symptoms which I have in my body. I'm healed, praise God!" As before, to say the opposite is a negative confession, a sign of doubt, and then one listens to the devil and believes in him instead of God. "Faith sets limits for what God can do in our lives and our circumstances." 23) Conclusion: if one has little faith, God can't do a whole lot for him, and the one who has no faith and only doubt ought to get to the doctor asap, because God can't do anything for him at all. "...it is faith which activates God's power." 24) Responsibility lies with the individual to fight the fight of faith and hold fast to the good confession until one sees the results in one's body. 25) We are told about God's Word that "when it has sunken down in our spirit, it will bring results in our body." 26) "...by faith I bring this invisible power over in the visible, and it is therefore simple to believe that I have already received it before I can feel anything, even while all of my feelings say the opposite, so faith has gotten a hold of a reality that is unseen." 27)
Because the Christian must often fight the fight of faith, it's kind of nice to know that he is spiritually equipped for this fight, and the chief weapon is called the believer's authority. This authority is also necessary because it will give the Christian the opportunity to reign in the spiritual world. "God's plan for us is that we rule and reign in life as kings: to rule and reign over circumstances, poverty, disease, and everything else that would hinder us. We reign because we have authority. We reign by Jesus Christ." 28) The point here is that circumstances in the physical are in a way a reflection of the spiritual, and if man wants to have it otherwise in the seen world, he must get everything in order in the unseen world. Circumstances in the spiritual cause change in the physical.
The main scripture used in this context is Eph 1,3-2,6. There we read about the resurrection of Christ, and that he is at the Father's right hand and has all power/authority, Matt 28,18. But it also says in this passage from Ephesians that we Christians are raised together with Christ, and therefore we are also at the Father's right hand. This position is a position of authority, and it means that we have a part in the authority of Christ. "The elevation of Christ's people with Him into the heavenlies clearly points to the fact that we are to sit with Him, sharing not only His throne but also His authority." 29) And since Christ is the head and the church is His body, we learn "...that the Head is totally dependent on the Body for carrying out His plans...and that His exercising authority over the powers of the air has to be through the Body." 30) Additionally, we are told by the "Spirit" that "Power on earth invested in the Name of Jesus Christ and obtained by Him through His overcoming the enemy belongeth unto the Church. Therefore, exercise that authority, for it belongs to you on the earth, and in this life ye shall reign by Christ Jesus. " 31) (writer's own emphasis) Authority must continue through the body, because it finds itself on earth.
Since Jesus has given his authority/power to the church and is dependent upon the body, it means among other things that he is literally powerless over the devil. It's not just that he won't do anything with the devil, but he plain and simple can't do anything with the devil--after all, the authority lies in the church's hands. The time Hagin had difficulties with an interrupting evil spirit, he had to command the spirit to disappear in Jesus' Name. Then "Jesus" told him: "If you hadn't done something about that, I couldn't have." 32) Further on in this instance we read "The believer has to have authority over the devil, or the Bible wouldn't tell him to do something about the devil."; in Hagin's vision, "Jesus" said: "I've done all I'm going to do about the devil until the angel comes down from heaven, takes the chain and binds him, and puts him into the bottomless pit," and "...I immediately delegated my authority on earth to the Church, and I can work only through the Church, for I am the Head of the Church." (emphasis in original) 33) Since Jesus is powerless over the devil and can't do anything with him, it is logical that to pray to God to do something with the devil " is to waste your time....The Church is not to pray to God the Father about the devil; the Church is to exercise the authority that belongs to Her." 34)
Therefore it is of extreme importance for the individual Christian to grasp this authority over the unseen powers which belongs to him in Christ. Not only since Christ needs us in order to carry out His plans, but also because it is the key to success in all areas of this life. Armed with this authority and God's Word in his spirit, the believer can "take authority over all unseen forces," 35) whether it concerns healing, material goods or spiritual fights. (writer's own emphasis) Actually, it is so important that it merits the devil's attention, because "...the devil doesn't want Christians to learn about the authority of the believer. He wants to continue to defeat us anytime he wants. That's why he will do everything he can to keep Christians from learning the truth about authority; he will fight us more on this subject than anything else. He knows that when we learn the truth, his heyday will be over. We will dominate him, enjoying the authority that is rightfully ours."36)
And when the Christian really gears up in the complete armor of God (Eph 6,10-18), he "is protected and unhampered in his ministry of authority. All he needs to be concerned about is keeping his armor bright and well secured about him." 37) With such promises we will never be subjugated. And since the best defense is a good offense, the Christian is told: "...you can step out in front of the devil, hold up your hand, and tell him not to come any closer. Use your authority!" 38) It is therefore no surprise that we are living in the time which is the church's high point, and that we shall do greater works than the first church did. With such promises and knowledge we can't fail.
This knowledge and authority belongs to and is accessible for each and every member of the body of Christ, not just a privileged few. 39) Yes, it's true that "Some of us have exercised a little more authority over the powers of the air than others because we have a little more spiritual comprehension, but God wants all of us to have that spiritual comprehension." 40) In theory, all Christians can come to the stage where they experience only success, victory, good health and blessing.
If one gets real spiritual understanding, it will work--period. The reason why an individual has problems and can't get it to work, is because he permits such problems--he has been given the necessary authority, and if he doesn't use it, he allows the devil to run amok in his life. 41) This is God's Word, and if you say that it doesn't work for you, you're actually saying that God must be a liar.42) What it all boils down to, is that the entire responsibility lies on the shoulders of the individual Christian. "Often we realize that certain trials in our lives are the work of the enemy, and we cry out to God to rebuke him and alter circmstances for us. However, God's Word tells us to rebuke the enemy ourselves. In James 4:7 we are told, 'Resist the devil, and he will flee from you.' The authority over the devil is ours. The responsibility is ours."43) (writer's own emphasis) It is a fight, but we are guranteed to win this fight because our perfect spirit is armed with the Word and authority from God.
Such are the teachings of FM. They sound good, but they are not without difficulties, namely:
In addition, FM has produced doubtful fruit, fruit which doesn't seem to be fruit of the Spirit, because it destroys many in their Christian faith and is become a stumbling stone to them.
It pays to be clear over the Hebrew way of thinking, because the Christian way of thinking comes from it, and it therefore sets the framework for our understanding of the entire Bible.
First and foremost we should note that the Hebrew way of thinking is not dualistic, and so this means that man is viewed as a whole. Different words are used to express various facets of man. Basar (flesh) refers to human weaknesses and limitations, especially towards the almighty and infinite God. Nephesh (soul) refers to man's life force, his emotionality, will, and mental abilities. It is synonymous with man himself, and it is affected by death just like flesh is affected. It represents man with respect to other human beings, but ruach (spirit) represents man with respect to God. Ruach means "air in motion" and is often used to refer to God, his power in the world, power which sustains life. Man's ruach comes from God's ruach, and contains emotional and wilful elements, so it has several concepts in common with nephesh. Neither nephesh nor ruach has the ability to survive basar's death. 44)
Such is the thought pattern the Christian church has inherited through Paul. Basar's corresponding concept in the NT is sarx--man in his sinfulness and his weaknesses, with his back turned towards God. 45) Sarx is the sinful nature which all are born with, and it is present in the Christian even though he is born again, Gal 5,16f. Soma (body) is a related concept. It can very well be a hindrance in the Christian life, but not necessarily. Soma represents man as created in God's image 46) and so is necessary for human existence. It shall be changed (1 Cor 15,51ff., Rom 8,23)--something which cannot be said about sarx. In several places in the NT (Rom 6,12ff., 19; 12,1f.; 1 Cor 6,13; 2 Cor 5,10; Col 3,5; 1 Thess 5,23) the main thought is that man cannot be separated from his body: it is not only that man has a body, but man is a body. 47) Psyche (soul) is used in the NT and refers to man as a living creation with ability to think, feel and decide. It is man as a personality 48), man's natural and earthly life. 49) Pneuma (spirit) is the Greek word which is primarily used to refer to God's Spirit. When it is used to refer to man, it is to emphasize man's self-consciousness and will. 50) Man's pneuma can become unclean (2 Cor 7,1) or consecrated to God (1 Cor 7,34) and the Christian's pneuma should be dominated by God's pneuma. Paul often uses pneuma in the same manner as psyche. 51)
In light of this, it is clear that Paul had no intention of writing a tenet of faith about the tripartite nature of man in 1 Thess 5,23. This is the only place in which he uses spirit, soul and body in such a manner, and the point here is that Paul writes that the entire man should be preserved. The various expressions are used for emphasis rather than for definition. 52) It is rather unlikely that Paul had a theological dissertation in mind when he wrote this verse.
And it is not a given that Heb 4,12 deals with two distinct parts of man which can be completely separated. The NT concept of pneuma and psyche agree with the OT concept; i.e. that pneuma represents the whole man in relation to God, psyche represents the whole man without relation to God. 53) And thus it is God's Word which is powerful and has the ability to judge the thoughts and intents of our hearts, so we can live a life which is dominated by God's pneuma and to His glory.
Now we see that the FM's foundation, trichotomy, is a false foundation, and the whole house of cards caves in. The same concerns the teaching on the believer's authority, since it is so dependent upon the teaching of trichotomy. The FM paints a picture which is different from the one we get when we read the NT without the postulates of trichotomy.
Another important misunderstanding arises about the topic eternal/spiritual life and spiritual death. According to Scripture, eternal life is knowing God, and that is only possible via the one whom He sent, Jesus Christ, John 17,3. To be born again implies that we are brought into a relationship with God through the blood of Christ, through His death on the cross, Eph 2,11-19. And spiritual death is separation from God. Such are we born: with our backs towards God, and our iniquities separate us from God, Is 59,2. Spiritual death is being out of relationship with God. In Luke 15 we read of three parables: the lost sheep, the lost coin, and the lost son. All deal with being lost--"For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost." Luke 19,10.
The Greek way of thinking is dualistic: man is body and soul, i.e. an outward man which is lower, baser and sensual; and an inward man which is higher and related with God. 54) According to Plato, the body wasn't necessarily evil but it was a hindrance, and man should train himself in order to let the soul advance before the body.
The FM's teaching on trichotomy is obviously marked with this dualism. Time after time we read that it is the spirit which is the real man, your real you, and that the spiritual is more real than that which we see with our eyes. To be sure, we have a body, but it's just along for this earth trip. The body is a hindrance to the spiritual, and so one must train oneself to overlook everything in the body which does not agree with the spiritual reality. Everything which does not agree is just baloney, because it is in opposition to God's revealed Word. The Christian is not sick; no, it's just that he has lying symptoms in his body with which the devil is trying to fool him.
The gnostics developed this thought pattern and maintained that the body was evil because it was physical. 55) Another characteristic of gnosticism was that there are various levels within the human race. Gnosis is a Greek word which means (esoteric) knowledge, and it was knowledge which set the stage for the different levels. The knowledge was somewhat secret, i.e. the average person was clueless about it, but if one was among the lucky few which grasped it, then man with the help of this knowledge could develop himself and advance to higher levels.
The FM is also strongly marked with the thought pattern of knowledge. Those who have knowledge are at a higher plane than the others--they are more developed in spiritual things, they "have a little more spiritual comprehension." 56) Those who get a hold of this knowledge, revelation knowledge, are on their way to becoming spiritual supermen. They know that their reborn human spirit is perfect, and since they live in the light of God's revealed Word, they are invincible. They know that they have access to all of God's power and blessing, and they can live in a recaptured paradise on earth. And even though in theory all can attain these higher levels, in practice there are some poor souls who for one reason or another don't do it.
Since it is man who has authority and responsibility with spiritual things, this means that God is reduced. It is man who reigns in this life and reigns over all of the powers in the heavenly places, and it is man who must do everything--he has the responsibility to fight the devil and command him. God is not in the picture; just like in deism, He has put everything in motion and now He's just sitting in his easy chair and watching everything that's going on. He has given certain laws--both spiritual and natural--which are at man's disposition. It is an infringement of God's sovereignty, but God himself has chosen to become limited in such a manner. God is completely dependent upon man, and "The Lord is hindered in His plans because His Body has failed to appreciate the [deeper] meaning of Christ's exaltation and the fact that we are seated with Him at the right hand of the Father." 57) Conclusion: God is tied hand and foot if we don't use the authority which belongs to the church.
Another consequence of this thought is that God is become a type of marionette whose strings we pull in the event we need something from Him. For the most part we can manage quite nicely on our own, but in the event we run up against some difficulties, all we have to do is look it up in God's Word and take for our own the appropriate promises, and thank and praise God that He has given us the victory. God is our life jacket in case of emergency.
When we look at the FM's teaching on healing, it is also obvious that God is reduced. We are told that "God can!", "God will!", and "God has already done it!", and so it is up to us to acquire healing for ourselves. 58) Man acquires healing by his own faith: the only thing that we have to do is use the "self-service" system which God has set up in Jesus, and it is own own faith which is the medium of self-service. 59) It is man who must struggle to be healed: he must believe--the least bit of doubt will ruin everything--and he must use his authority. Otherwise God can't help him. To be sure, healing is a gift of God, but don't forget that you have to do your part.
My own experience has shown me that Ps 105,15 is often (mis)used in the event one has questions or difficulties with the teachings of the FM. It says: "...Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm." One is told: "Well, these men are God's anointed and God's prophets. They teach us biblical truths, and our congregation is like the NT congregations. If you are not in agreement with us, you are in rebellion against God and His work in these last days. The devil is using you, and you ought to be careful that you don't commit the unpardonable sin."
But the context in Ps 105,15 is quite different. There one reads that God's anointed is all of Israel, and not just a privileged few. God is giving a warning to the heathen nations who threatened His chosen. It is completely inconsistent to use the verse in the manner that the FM's leaders do. Besides, one reads from the NT that it is the church that is anointed of God, and therefore it is the individual believer who has received the anointing--not just those who think that they have received a special or noteworthy call of God, 1 John 2,18-27.
Another problem with the FM is that the majority of its adherents learn to be superficial. Outwardly they smile, but inwardly they cry. Why? Because they are told that they have a negative confession if they say anything about personal problems. It's practically taboo to talk about such things, and one learns quickly to keep it all bottled up. They pour our their hearts to God--and that's a positive thing--but they dare not mention anything to anyone else, because chances are the others will just trivialize the problems. "Just use your authority! Have faith! Fight the good fight of faith!" they are told by those with good intentions, but the effect of such words is that of adding to a burden which is heavy to begin with. One learns that it is much easier to keep one's mouth closed when it concerns problems, and pretend that everything is okay. But one must ask: is this good fruit?
Another sign of bad fruit is that the teachings of the FM are not for the weak. As said before, one hears that all the responsibility lies with the individual, so natually this means that if one doesn't have success, health, etc., it's his own fault. Jesus said, "Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light." (Matt 11,28-30) But the FM adds to the burden, and therewith destroys the faith of the weak. They often feel guilty, because they don't live according to the picture which the FM paints for them. I think of a song which most children at home learn in Sunday school:
Jesus loves me, this I know;
For the Bible tells me so.
Little ones to Him belong;
They are weak, but He is strong.
Yes, Jesus loves me;
Yes, Jesus loves me;
Yes, Jesus loves me--the Bible tells me so.
It is not the healthy who need a physician, but those who are sick. One comes to Jesus not because one is strong, but because one is weak and needs Him who is strong. One comes to Jesus because he can't make it alone--he needs a Saviour. But in the FM it is a presupposition that one is strong in oneself and in one's faith. The weak learn that they don't fit in the FM's scheme of things.
And this last point emphasizes that which I consider to be the FM's greatest error: there is no place for the grace of God. In theory they believe in God's grace, but in practice it is completely absent, because it is the individual who must do it all: he must believe, he must fight against the devil, he must use his authority, he must live according to God's revealed Word in order to be blessed, etc., etc. If one doubts, one can lose one's healing, because in doubting he gives the devil an open door and therefore the right to run amok in his life. Everything depends upon the individual and what he does (or what he fails to do) and not upon the grace of God. The FM nullifies the Word of God and the grace of God through its teachings, and therefore I cannot accept this movement.
Bergem, Anders: "Himmelen på forskudd?". Luther Forlag, Oslo 1987
Guthrie, Donald: "New testament theology". Inter-Varsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois 1981
Hagin, Kenneth E.: "The believer's authority". RHEMA Bible Church AKA Kenneth Hagin Ministries, Inc., n.p., 1984
--------------. "Man on three dimensions". RHEMA Bible Church AKA Kenneth Hagin Ministries, Inc., n.p., 1973
Ladd, George Eldon: "A theology of the new testament". William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1974
Ridderbos, Herman: "Paul: an outline of his theology". William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, Michigan 1975
Åleskjær, Åge: "Gode nyheter til de syke". Livets Ord Forlag, n.p., 1986
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